You are here

Home » Publications

Publications

Publications

The Pirbright Institute publication directory contains details of selected publications written by our researchers.

There were a total of 2609 results for your search.
Chaignat V, Schwermer H, Casati S, Planzer J, Worwa G, Vanzetti T, Batten C, Hofmann M, Thur B (2010)

Occurrence and spatial distribution of Toggenburg Orbivirus in Switzerland

Small Ruminant Research 93 (2-3), 157-164
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.05.016

Abstract

Recently, a new member of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) serogroup named Toggenburg Orbivirus (TOV) in goats from Switzerland has been described. The epidemiology and host range of TOV are currently unknown. Since TOV causes cross-reactions in laboratory tests used for BTV diagnosis, this study was carried out in order to determine the spatial and temporal spread of TOV. Therefore, serum samples from a national survey in goats, collected during winter and spring 2008 in Switzerland, were serologically examined. Additionally, cattle and sheep from holdings with seropositive goats were tested for the presence of viral RNA and antibodies against BTV and TOV. All goat samples analysed within routine diagnostics at the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis from 2008 to 2009 were also tested for the presence of TOV. Finally, goat sera collected 1998 in the Canton of Ticino (TI) were analysed. Although the TOV index cases had been identified in flocks north of the Alps, no additional TOV-positive herds were found by serological testing in this region. In contrast, south of the Alps, i.e. in the Canton of Ticino (TI), an apparent seroprevalence of 49% in goats was found at animal and 60% at herd level. In the eastern and western part of the Swiss Alps 15.2% and 10% of tested goats were serologically positive, respectively. A within-herd prevalence of up to 100% was found in some of the positive flocks. The positive flocks in TI were mainly found in three of the five districts, but seropositive animals were identified in each district. Certain selected seropositive flocks were investigated virologically. By RT-qPCR and genome sequencing, the presence of TOV could be confirmed in all investigated seropositive flocks. By testing the goats within routine diagnostics. TOV genome was detected in one goat showing BT-like clinical symptoms from the central Alps and in three healthy animals imported from Germany. Although 3.8% of the sheep from flocks with TOV-positive goats or in contact with these animals showed a positive antibody reaction, TOV-specific RNA was not found in any of the tested sheep and also not in cattle from flocks with TOV-positive goats.
Cox S J, Carr B V, Parida S, Hamblin P A, Prentice H, Charleston B, Paton D J, Barnett P V (2010)

Longevity of protection in cattle following immunisation with emergency FMD A22 serotype vaccine from the UK strategic reserve

Vaccine 28 (11), 2318-2322
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.065

Abstract

To determine the longevity of protective immunity following a single administration of emergency vaccine, and establish whether the immune response could be enhanced by increasing the antigen payload even further, cattle were vaccinated with an A22 Iraq vaccine containing either 1 x antigen payload (field dose) or 5x antigen payload. Six months post-immunisation all cattle received a homologous virus challenge. The magnitude of the virus neutralising antibody response elicited was consistent with the response to similarly formulated A serotype vaccines with a PD(50) greater than 32. All the vaccinated cattle, regardless of antigen payload, were protected from clinical disease following challenge although some cattle in both groups became sub-clinically infected. We conclude that immunisation with a single inoculation of vaccine from the UK emergency reserve can protect cattle from clinical disease for at least 6 months post-vaccination and that a boost may be unnecessary in an outbreak situation. Some animals may become sub-clinically infected but this is likely to be dependent on the severity of challenge. The study confirmed that a booster at 21 days post-vaccination was not necessary to maintain a cell-mediated response in cattle for 6 months. No increased benefits were recognised by increasing the antigen payload of this vaccine 5x.
Crisci E, Balester M, Dominguez J, Segales J, Montoya M (2010)

Increased numbers of myeloid and lymphoid IL-10 producing cells in spleen of pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 136 (3-4), 305-310
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.008

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a worldwide distributed pig disease. The involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of PMWS is considered crucial. Previous studies have shown a cytokine profile suggesting T immunosuppression and indicating that interleukin 10 (IL-10) may play an important role during PCV2 infection. Nine 11- to 12-week-old conventional pigs were obtained from commercial farms located in North-Eastern Spain with historical records of PMWS. Spleen from four healthy and five PMWS-affected animals were collected at the necropsy. Viral load was determined in serum by means of standard PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. Phenotype and distribution of different immune cells involved in IL-10 secretion in the spleen of studied pigs were analysed using immunofluorescent assays. The CD163(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cell subpopulations produced IL-10 in the spleen and IL-10(+) cell numbers were higher in PMWS animals compared with their healthy counterparts. Furthermore. IL-10 producing cells were not infected by PCV2 and were mainly localized in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. This is the first immunophenotyping study on IL-10 producing cells in cases of PMWS, further extending the studies on the role of IL-10 in disease pathogenesis.
Dash P, Barnett P V, Denyer M S, Jackson T, Stirling C M, Hawes P C, Simpson J L, Monaghan P, Takamatsu H H (2010)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates only transiently in well-differentiated porcine nasal epithelial cells

Journal of Virology 84 (18), 9149-9160
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00642-10

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) porcine nasal mucosal and tracheal mucosal epithelial cell cultures were developed to analyze foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) interactions with mucosal epithelial cells. The cells in these cultures differentiated and polarized until they closely resemble the epithelial layers seen in vivo. FMDV infected these cultures predominantly from the apical side, primarily by binding to integrin alpha v beta 6, in an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-dependent manner. However, FMDV replicated only transiently without any visible cytopathic effect (CPE), and infectious progeny virus could be recovered only from the apical side. The infection induced the production of beta interferon (IFN-beta) and the IFN-inducible gene Mx1 mRNA, which coincided with the disappearance of viral RNA and progeny virus. The induction of IFN-beta mRNA correlated with the antiviral activity of the supernatants from both the apical and basolateral compartments. IFN-alpha mRNA was constitutively expressed in nasal mucosal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, FMDV infection induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) protein, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and RANTES mRNA in the infected epithelial cells, suggesting that it plays an important role in modulating the immune response.
Deacon V, Dziva F, van D P M, Frankel G, Stevens M P (2010)

Efa-1/LifA mediates intestinal colonization of calves by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 : H- in a manner independent of glycosyltransferase and cysteine protease motifs or effects on type III secretion

Microbiology 156 (8), 2527-2536
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.039685-0

Abstract

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) comprise a group of animal and zoonotic pathogens of worldwide importance. Our previous research established that intestinal colonization of calves by EHEC serotypes O5?:?H– and O111?:?H– requires EHEC factor for adherence (Efa-1), also known as lymphostatin (LifA). Towards an understanding of the mode of action of Efa-1/LifA, chromosomal in-frame deletions of predicted glycosyltransferase (DXD) and cysteine protease (CHD) motifs were created in a ?stx1 derivative of EHEC O26?:?H–. The magnitude and duration of faecal excretion of EHEC O26?:?H– were significantly reduced by null mutation of efa-1/lifA, but were not impaired by ?DXD or ?CHD mutations, in contrast to observations made with truncated Efa-1/LifA mutants of Citrobacter rodentium in mice. Although C. rodentium Efa-1/LifA influences the induction of colonic hyperplasia in mice, EHEC O26?:?H– Efa-1/LifA was not required for fluid accumulation or neutrophil recruitment in bovine ileal loops. In contrast to observations with EHEC O5?:?H– or O111?:?H– mutants, inactivation of efa-1/lifA in EHEC O26?:?H– did not significantly affect adherence or secretion of type III secreted proteins that play pivotal roles in calf colonization. Lymphostatin activity could not be reliably demonstrated in lysates of EHEC O26?:?H–; however, deletion of the glycosyltransferase and cysteine protease motifs in Efa-1/LifA from enteropathogenic E. coli O127?:?H6 abolished lymphostatin activity. Our data uncouple the role of Efa-1/LifA in calf colonization from effects on type III secretion and reinforce the potential for pathotype- and serotype-specific phenotypes.
Egan S A, Kurian D, Ward P N, Hunt L, Leigh J A (2010)

Identification of sortase A (SrtA) substrates in Streptococcus uberis: evidence for an additional hexapeptide (LPXXXD) sorting motif

Journal of Proteome Research 9 (2), 1088-1095
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr901025w

Abstract

Sortase (a transamidase) has been shown to be responsible for the covalent attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall. Anchoring is effected on secreted proteins containing a specific cell wall motif toward their C-terminus; that for sortase A (SrtA) in Gram-positive bacteria often incorporates the sequence LPXTG. Such surface proteins are often characterized as virulence determinants and play important roles during the establishment and persistence of infection. Intramammary infection with Streptococcus uberis is a common cause of bovine mastitis, which impacts on animal health and welfare and the economics of milk production. Comparison of stringently produced cell wall fractions from S. uberis and an isogenic mutant strain lacking SrtA permitted identification of 9 proteins likely to be covalently anchored at the cell surface. Analysis of these sequences implied the presence of two anchoring motifs for S. uberis, the classical LPXTG motif and an additional LPXXXD motif.
Everett H, Salguero F J, Graham S P, Haines F, Johns H, Clifford D, Nunez A, La Rocca S A, Parchariyanon S, Steinbach F, Drew T, Crooke H (2010)

Characterisation of experimental infections of domestic pigs with genotype 2.1 and 3.3 isolates of classical swine fever virus

Veterinary Microbiology 142 (1–2), 26-33
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.039

Abstract

The early identification of classical swine fever epizootics is hampered by difficulties in recognising early signs of infection, due to a lack of specific clinical signs. In addition many textbook descriptions of CSF are based on observations of disease caused by historic, mainly genotype 1, strains. Our objective was to improve our knowledge of the diverse range of signs that different CSFV strains can cause by characterising the experimental infection of domestic pigs with both a recent strain of CSFV and a divergent strain. Conventional pigs were inoculated with a genotype 2.1 isolate, that caused an outbreak in the UK in 2000, and a genotype 3.3 strain that is genetically divergent from European strains. This latter strain is also antigenically distinct as it is only poorly recognised by the CSFV-specific monoclonal antibody, WH303. Transmission was monitored by use of in-contact animals. Clinical, virological and haematological parameters were observed and an extended macro- and histopathological scoring system allowed detailed characterisation of pathological lesions. Infection with the genotype 2.1 isolate resulted in a similar outcome to other recent genotype 2 European strains, whereas the genotype 3.3 strain produced fewer and delayed clinical signs, notably with little fever. This strain would therefore be particularly difficult to detect in the early stages of infection and highlights the importance of encouraging early submission of samples for laboratory diagnosis. As representatives of recent and divergent CSFV isolates, these strains are good candidates to study the pathogenesis of current CSFV isolates and as challenge models for vaccine development.
Ferris N P, Nordengrahn A, Hutchings G H, Paton D J, Kristersson T, Brocchi E, Grazioli S, Merza M (2010)

Development and laboratory validation of a lateral flow device for the detection of serotype SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in clinical samples

Journal of Virological Methods 163 (2), 474-476
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.022

Abstract

A lateral flow device (LFD) for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the SAT2 serotype was developed using a monoclonal antibody (Mab 2H6). The performance of the LFD was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia: 305 positive for FMDV type SAT 2 from suspected cases of vesicular disease collected from 30 countries and 1002 samples shown to be negative for FMDV type SAT 2 collected from 67 countries between 1968 and 2008. The diagnostic sensitivity of the LFD for FMDV type SAT 2 was higher at 88% compared to 79% obtained by the reference method of antigen ELISA, and the diagnostic specificity of the LFD was approximately 99% compared to 100% for the ELISA. The device recognized FMDV strains of wide diversity within the FMDV SAT 2 serotype and gave a superior performance for their detection compared to the 1F10 LFD which had been developed previously and shown to perform less well for the detection of FMDVs of this particular serotype. Reactions in the SAT 2 2H6 LFD with the viruses of other FMDV serotypes and swine vesicular disease (which produces a clinically indistinguishable syndrome in pigs), did not occur. These data illustrate the potential for the LFD to be employed to complement the 1F10 device next to the animal in the pen-side diagnosis of FMD, for providing rapid and objective support to veterinarians in their clinical judgment of the disease and for specific confirmation of a FMDV type SAT 2 infection.
Ferris N P, Nordengrahn A, Hutchings G H, Paton D J, Kristersson T, Merza M (2010)

Development and laboratory evaluation of a lateral flow device for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus in clinical samples

Journal of Virological Methods 163 (2), 477-480
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.023

Abstract

A lateral flow device (LFD) for the detection of swine vesicular disease (SVD) virus (SVDV) and differential diagnosis from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was developed using a monoclonal antibody (Mab C70). The performance of the LFD was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia and cell culture passage derived supernatants of SVDV and porcine teschovirus (enterovirus; PEV). The collection of test samples included 157 which were positive for SVDV (84 vesicular epithelial suspensions and 73 cell culture antigens) from suspected cases of vesicular disease in pigs collected from 14 countries between 1966 and 2008 and 663 samples which were either shown to be negative for SVDV and FMD virus (FMDV) or else collected from healthy pigs or demonstrated to be positive for FMDV, PEV or vesicular exanthema (VEV) and collected from 16 countries between 1965 and 2008 or else were derived from experimental animals. Three further samples containing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were also tested. The diagnostic sensitivity of the LFD for SVDV was similar at 82% compared to 86% obtained by the reference method of antigen ELISA, and the diagnostic specificity was 100% compared to 99.7% for the ELISA. The device recognized virus strains of each of the known genotypes of the sole SVDV serotype. Reactions with FMDV, VEV, VSV and PEV which can produce clinically indistinguishable syndromes in pigs, did not occur. These data illustrate the potential for the LFD to be used next to the animal for providing rapid and objective support to veterinarians in their clinical judgment of vesicular disease in pigs and for the specific pen-side diagnosis of SVD and differential diagnosis from FMD.
Fowler V L, Knowles N J, Paton D J, Barnett P V (2010)

Marker vaccine potential of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial VP1 G-H loop deletion

Vaccine 28 (19), 3428-3434
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.074

Abstract

Previous work in cattle and pigs demonstrated that protection against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) could be achieved following vaccination with chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines, in which the VP1 G-H loop had been substituted with that from another serotype This indicated that the VP1 G-H loop may not be essential for the protection of natural hosts against FMDV If this could be substantiated there would be potential to develop FMD marker vaccines, characterised by the absence of this region Here, we investigate the serological responses to vaccination with a virus with a partial VP1 G-H loop deletion in order to determine the likelihood of achieving protection and the potential of this virus as a marker vaccine Inactivated, oil adjuvanted, vaccines, consisting of chemically inactivated virus with or without a partially deleted VP1 G-H loop, were used to immunise cattle Serum was collected on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 and antibody titres calculated using the virus neutralisation test (VNT) to estimate the likelihood of protection. We predict a good likelihood that cattle vaccinated with a vaccine characterised by a partial VP1 G-H loop would be protected against challenge with the same virus containing the VP1 G-H loop We also present evidence on the potential of such a construct to act as a marker vaccine, when used in conjunction with a novel serological test

Pages

Filter Publications

Trim content

® The Pirbright Institute 2024 | A company limited by guarantee, registered in England no. 559784. The Institute is also a registered charity.