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A synthetic biology approach for a vaccine platform against known and newly emerging serotypes of bluetongue virus

Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants and is caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus existing in nature in at least 26 distinct serotypes. Here, we describe the development of a vaccine platform for BTV. The advent of synthetic biology…

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Bluetongue virus NS4 protein is an interferon antagonist and a determinant of virus virulence

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a major infectious disease of ruminants with serious consequences to both animal health and the economy. The clinical outcome of BTV infection is highly variable and dependent on a variety of factors related to…

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Comparisons of original laboratory results and retrospective analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR of virological samples collected from confirmed cases of foot-and-mouth in the UK in 2001

There were 2030 designated cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) during the course of the epidemic in the UK in 2001 (including four from Northern Ireland). Samples from 1720 of the infected premises (IPs) were received in the laboratory and examined for either the presence…

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Design of primers and use of RT-PCR assays for typing European bluetongue virus isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a disease of ruminant livestock that occurs almost worldwide between latitudes 3° S and 5° N. There are 24 serotypes of BTV (currently identified by serum neutralization assays). Since 1998, eight strains of six…

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Development of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of marine caliciviruses (genus Vesivirus)

Marine caliciviruses form a distinct lineage within the genus Vesivirus (family Caliciviridae). This group includes vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) and other related viruses which have been proposed to be marine in origin…

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Enhanced laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction

The performance of an automated real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared to virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease (FMD…

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Fundamental properties of the mammalian innate immune system revealed by multispecies comparison of type I interferon responses

The type I interferon (IFN) response is triggered upon sensing of an incoming pathogen in an infected cell and results in the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs, collectively referred to as "the interferome"). Studies on the interferome have been carried…

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Identification and characterization of a novel non-structural protein of bluetongue virus

Bluetongue is a major infectious disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an "arbovirus" transmitted from infected to susceptible hosts by biting midges. Historically, bluetongue has been endemic almost exclusively in temperate and tropical areas of the world…

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Implementation of a one-step real-time RT-PCR protocol for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease

An automated one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) protocol was optimised and evaluated for the routine diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Parallel testing of RNA samples (n = 257) indicated that this assay has a diagnostic…

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ISG expression screening reveals the specific antibunyaviral activity of ISG20

Bunyaviruses pose a significant threat to human health, prosperity and food security. In response to viral infections, interferons (IFNs) upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) whose cumulative action can potently inhibit the replication…