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Bird flu viruses could escape vaccine immunity while increasing potential to infect humans

Research led by The Pirbright Institute has shown mutant H9N2 bird flu viruses isolated from Pakistan are able to escape immune responses and adapt to infect humans. This could result in reduced vaccine efficiency and the possibility of human outbreaks. Published in the…

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Recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses expressing heterologous S1 subunits: potential for a new generation of vaccines that replicate in Vero cells

The spike glycoprotein (S) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) comprises two subunits, S1 and S2. We have previously demonstrated that the S2 subunit of the avirulent Beau-R strain is responsible for its extended cellular tropism for Vero cells. Two recombinant infectious…

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Chicken anaemia virus evades host immune responses in transformed lymphocytes

Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is a lymphotropic virus that causes anaemia and immunosuppression in chickens. Previously, we proposed that CAV evades host antiviral responses in vivo by disrupting T-cell signalling, but the precise cellular targets and modes of action remain…

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Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens

Recently, the availability of protocols supporting genetic complementation of Eimeria has raised the prospect of generating transgenic parasite lines which can function as vaccine vectors, expressing and delivering heterologous proteins. Complementation with sequences…

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Identification of the receptor and cellular ortholog of the Marek's disease virus (MDV) CXC chemokine

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a cell associated alphaherpesvirus that causes fatal lymphoma in chickens. One factor that plays a crucial role in MDV pathogenesis is the viral CXC chemokine vIL-8 that was originally named after chicken interleukin 8 (cIL-8). However, a…

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Administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 to chickens affects colonisation by Campylobacter jejuni and the intestinal microbiota

1. Campylobacter jejuni Is the most common bacterial cause of human food-borne gastroenteritis In the world. A major source of human Infection Is the consumption of contaminated meat, particularly poultry. New control measures to reduce or eliminate this pathogen from the…

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Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge

Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastrointestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and…

World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease celebrates 60th Anniversary

The World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD) marked 60 years of being the global centre of expertise in the diagnostics and surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) with a two-day symposium on Monday 5 and Tuesday 6 November. The Pirbright Institute…

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Identification of the amino acid residues responsible for inhibition of host gene expression by influenza A H9N2 NS1

H9N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) are considered low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV). These viruses are endemic in poultry in many countries in Asia, the Middle East and parts of Africa. Several cases of H9N2-associated infections in humans as well as in pigs have…

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Evolutionary constraints in fitness landscapes

In the last years, several genotypic fitness landscapes—combinations of a small number of mutations—have been experimentally resolved. To learn about the general properties of “real” fitness landscapes, it is key to characterize these experimental landscapes via simple…