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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques for FMD vaccine quality control, including potency testing, vaccine matching and post…

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a disease of small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and…

The measles virus (MeV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is an established pathogen of humans. A key feature of morbilliviruses is their ability to spread by virus–cell and cell–cell fusion. The latter process, which leads to syncytia formation in vitro and in vivo, is…

For segmented viruses, rapid genomic and phenotypic changes can occur through the process of reassortment, whereby co-infecting strains exchange entire segments creating novel progeny virus genotypes. However, for many viruses with segmented genomes, this process and its…

Current high-throughput sequencing technologies can generate sequence data and provide information on the genetic composition of samples at very high coverage. Deep sequencing approaches enable the detection of rare variants in heterogeneous samples, such as viral quasi…

African buffaloes ( Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centres of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT-1…

African buffaloes ( Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centres of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT-1…