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During infection of their host cell, viruses often inhibit production of host proteins, a process which is referred to as host shutoff. By doing this, viruses limit production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. Coronaviruses from the…

Background: Some Palaearctic biting midge species (subgenus Avaritia) have been implicated as vectors of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Separation of two species (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) is considered difficult morphologically and, often, these female specimens…

Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease of ruminants and is caused by different serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV), which is transmitted by several species of Culicoides midges. The disease is endemic in tropical areas, and incursions have been observed in some of the temperate…

In the last decade, novel tick-borne pathogenic phleboviruses in the family Bunyaviridae, all closely related to Uukuniemi virus (UUKV), have emerged in different continents. To reproduce the tick-mammal switch in vitro, we first established a reverse genetics system to…

This study aimed to describe the association of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. with ixodid tick cell lines by flow cytometry and fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Spirochetes were stained with a fluorescent membrane marker (PKH67 or PKH26), inoculated into 8 different tick…

The avian coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (AvCoV-IBV) is recognized as an important global pathogen since new variants are a continuous threat to the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic origin and diversity of AvCoV-IBV by…

Immunity against Theileria parva is associated with CD8 T-cell responses that exhibit immunodominance, the focussing of the response against limited numbers of epitopes. As candidates for inclusion in vaccines, characterisation of responses against immunodominant epitopes is…

Monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMØ) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) are two model systems well established in human and rodent systems that can be used to study the interaction of pathogens with host cells. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus…

1. Growth and skeletal responses to different dietary concentrations of riboflavin and biotin were compared in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d of age. The birds were fed on a turkey starter diet with different concentrations of supplementary riboflavin (0, 20 and 40 mg/kg)…

We have previously reported that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling is activated by influenza virus H1N1 infection and mediates efficient viral entry in human epithelial cells. In this study, we show that H1N1 also activates PLCγ-1 signaling in…