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Lumpy skin disease: a direct threat to Europe

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary, systemic, viral disease of cattle that has traditionally been found in southern Africa. It has steadily expanded its geographical boundaries and in the past five years moved very efficiently through the Middle East and into…

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Genomics and outbreaks: foot-and-mouth disease.

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Genome sequencing of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O isolate GRE/23/94

The complete genome of a foot-and-mouth disease type O virus originating from an epidemic in Greece in 1994 is reported. This virus belongs to the Middle East-South Asia topotype.

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Extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity

Positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral RNA synthesis. Our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double…

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Extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity

Positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral RNA synthesis. Our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double…

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Evaluation of the in vitro expression of ATP binding-cassette (ABC) proteins in an Ixodes ricinus cell line exposed to ivermectin

Ticks are among the most important vectors of pathogens causing human and animal disease. Acaricides are used to control tick infestation, although there are increasing reports of resistance. Recently, over-expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins (P…

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Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2014)

Changes to virus taxonomy approved by a vote of all ICTV members in February-March 2014 are reported.

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Generation of virus like particles for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus, within the family Reoviridae. The epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus genome comprises ten segments of linear, double stranded (ds) RNA, which are packaged within each virus particle…

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The B cell response to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle following vaccination and live-virus challenge

Antibodies play a pivotal role against viral infection, and maintenance of protection is dependent on plasma and memory B cells. Understanding antigen-specific B cell responses in cattle is essential to inform future vaccine design. We have previously defined T cell…

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Range expansion of the bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola, in continental France likely due to rare wind-transport events

The role of the northward expansion of Culicoides imicola Kieffer in recent and unprecedented outbreaks of Culicoides-borne arboviruses in southern Europe has been a significant point of contention. We combined entomological surveys, movement simulations of air-borne…