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Evidence of reduced viremia, pathogenicity and vector competence in a re-emerging European strain of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in sheep

The outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8) during 2006-2009 in Europe was the most costly epidemic of the virus in recorded history. In 2015, a BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France which has continued to circulate since then. To examine anecdotal reports of…

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Insights from the crystal structure of the chicken CREB3 bZIP suggest members of the CREB3 subfamily transcription factors may be activated in response to oxidative stress

cAMP response element binding protein 3 (CREB3) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-bound transcription factor, which belongs to the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors. CREB3 plays a role in the ER-stress induced unfolded…

Flu graphic - inside the virus

Pirbright scientists identify how a single bird flu protein can increase period of infection

New research led by scientists at The Pirbright Institute has shown how an influenza virus protein, called PB1-F2, is able to shut down two pathways of the chicken immune response to increase the length of time the virus can be transmitted. The PB1-F2 protein of influenza…

UK and International Veterinary Vaccinology Netwrok Conference group photo

UK Veterinary Vaccinology Network success highlighted by conference

Veterinary researchers from around the world came together at this year’s joint UK & International Veterinary Vaccinology Network Conference on the 9-10 January 2019 with the aim of improving vaccines for livestock and zoonotic diseases both in the UK and internationally…

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Spindle-E acts antivirally against alphaviruses in mosquito cells

Mosquitoes transmit several human- and animal-pathogenic alphaviruses (Togaviridae family). In alphavirus-infected mosquito cells two different types of virus-specific small RNAs are produced as part of the RNA interference response: short-interfering (si)RNAs and PIWI…

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RNA interference restricts Rift Valley fever virus in multiple insect systems

The emerging bunyavirus Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is transmitted to humans and livestock by a large number of mosquito species. RNA interference (RNAi) has been characterized as an important innate immune defense mechanism used by mosquitoes to limit replication of…

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The Antiviral RNAi response in vector and non-vector cells against Orthobunyaviruses

Vector arthropods control arbovirus replication and spread through antiviral innate immune responses including RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. Arbovirus infections have been shown to induce the exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)…

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CpG and UpA dinucleotides in both coding and non-coding regions of echovirus 7 inhibit replication initiation post-entry

Most vertebrate and plant RNA and small DNA viruses suppress genomic CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies, apparently mimicking host mRNA composition. Artificially increasing CpG/UpA dinucleotides attenuates viruses through an entirely unknown mechanism. Using the echovirus…

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Mutational analysis of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus nucleocapsid protein indicates novel conserved, functional amino acids

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV; Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus) is an important mosquito-borne pathogen of both humans and ruminants. The RVFV genome is composed of tripartite, single stranded, negative or ambisense RNAs. The small (S) segment encodes both the nucleocapsid…

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Correction: Dengue in Java, Indonesia: relevance of mosquito indices as risk predictors