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In 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) caused the first recorded bluetongue outbreak in northern Europe. This occurred in countries with no previous history of bluetongue virus incursion, including the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Following a halt to disease…

Since 1998, six distinct serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV) have invaded Southern and Central Europe, persisting in some regions for up to 6 years and resulting in the deaths of >1.8 million sheep. Rapid and reliable methods of virus detection and identification play an…

Salivary proteins of hematophagous Culicoides spp. are thought to play an important role in pathogen transmission and skin hypersensitivity. Analysis of these proteins, however, has been problematic due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate amounts of secreted Culicoides…

Marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than US$1 billion annually. Two generations of Marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. Understanding where…

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections are one of the most devastating causes of economic losses in the poultry industry and despite extensive vaccination, outbreaks are being reported around the globe especially from developing and tropical countries. Analysis of NDV…

Within the ruminant system, several possibilities exist to generate dendritic cells migrating out from the tissue into the regional draining lymphnodes as afferent lymph dendritic cells (ALDC). Here, we analysed Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1–10 mRNA expression by using…

Foot and mouth disease is endemic in Middle Eastern countries including Iran but its impact is poorly characterized. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of FMD outbreak on milk production and heifers' growth in an industrial dairy herd located in Fars…

Engineered underdominance is one of a number of different gene drive strategies that have been proposed for the genetic control of insect vectors of disease. Here we model a two-locus engineered underdominance based gene drive system that is based on the concept of mutually…

We investigate the dependence of the site frequency spectrum (SFS) on the topological structure of genealogical trees. We show that basic population genetic statistics-for instance estimators of theta or neutrality tests such as Tajima's D-can be decomposed into components…