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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. The vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterised. Using a highly representative bovine experimental…

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. The vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterised. Using a highly representative bovine experimental…

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. The vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterised. Using a highly representative bovine experimental…

A vaccine providing both powerful Ab and cross-reactive T cell immune responses against influenza viruses would be beneficial for both humans and pigs. In this study, we evaluated i.m., aerosol (Aer), and simultaneous systemic and respiratory immunization (SIM) by both…

Trypanosomes have long been recognised as being amongst the most important protozoan parasites of verte-brates, from both medical and veterinary perspectives. Whilst numerous insect species have been identified as vectors, the role of ticks is less well understood. Here we…

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive, and runting-stunting syndrome in avian hosts. The co-infection of REV and Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic herpesvirus in chickens, further increases disease…

Alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses, most of which use mosquitoes to spread between vertebrate hosts; many are human pathogens with potentially severe medical consequences. Some alphavirus species are believed to have resulted from the recombination between…

Sequencing technologies have fuelled a rapid rise in descriptions of microbial communities associated with hosts, but what is often harder to ascertain is the evolutionary significance of these symbioses. Here, we review the role of vertical (VT), horizontal (HT)…

Viruses routinely employ strategies to prevent the activation of innate immune signalling in infected cells. RSV is no exception, encoding two accessory proteins (NS1 and NS2) which are well established to block Interferon signalling. However, RSV-encoded mechanisms for…

Viruses routinely employ strategies to prevent the activation of innate immune signalling in infected cells. RSV is no exception, encoding two accessory proteins (NS1 and NS2) which are well established to block Interferon signalling. However, RSV-encoded mechanisms for…