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Studying Culicoides vectors of BTV in the post-genomic era: Resources, bottlenecks to progress and future directions

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are a major vector group responsible for the biological transmission of a wide variety of globally significant arboviruses, including bluetongue virus (BTV). In this review we examine current biological resources for the…

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Feline fecal virome reveals novel and prevalent enteric viruses

Humans keep more than 80 million cats worldwide, ensuring frequent exposure to their viruses. Despite such interactions the enteric virome of cats remains poorly understood. We analyzed a fecal sample from a single healthy cat from Portugal using viral metagenomics and…

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Near-complete genome sequencing of swine vesicular disease virus using the Roche GS FLX sequencing platform

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is an enterovirus that is both genetically and antigenically closely related to human coxsackievirus B5 within the Picornaviridae family. SVDV is the causative agent of a highly contagious (though rarely fatal) vesicular disease in pigs…

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Determining the epitope dominance on the capsid of a serotype SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus by mutational analyses

Monoclonal-antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants were used to map antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which resulted in the identification of neutralizing epitopes in the flexible ?G-?H loop in VP1. For FMDV SAT2 viruses, studies have shown that at least two…

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Bluetongue virus revisited

Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminants that causes high socio-economic and sanitary consequences. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae and so far 26 serotypes have been described. The disease has been known…

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Capsid protein VP4 of human rhinovirus induces membrane permeability by the formation of a size-selective multimeric pore

Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a non-enveloped virus of the picornavirus family and is responsible for respiratory infections (common colds) costing billions of dollars ($) annually. There remains no vaccine or licensed drug to prevent or reduce infection. Related members of the…

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The effects of administration of ligands for Toll-like receptor 4 and 21 against Marek's disease in chickens

Ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to stimulate immune responses, leading to protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of various TLR ligands on the development of Marek's disease in chickens. Specific-pathogen free…

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The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of foot-and-mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised

To eliminate incursions of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) quickly, a combination of measures, including emergency vaccination, can help block the spread of infection. For the earliest recovery of the FMD-free status for trade, without the slaughter of uninfected vaccinated…

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Bluetongue in Spain: from the first outbreak to 2012

Outbreaks of bluetongue disease have occurred in Spain six times and have been caused by the following serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV), in chronological order: BTV10, BTV2, BTV4, BTV1 and BTV8. Serotypes BTV1, BTV2 and BTV4 may have entered the country in Culicoides…

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Comparison of the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and three commercial ELISAs for detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2

The aim of this study was to compare and correlate antibody titres against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in porcine sera (n=1270) obtained by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) with the results of three commercial ELISAs (designated E1, E2 and E3). The correlation…