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Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotype 1 isolated in 2006 from Algeria

This study reports on an outbreak of disease that occurred in central Algeria during July 2006. Sheep in the affected area presented clinical signs typical of bluetongue (BT) disease. A total of 5245 sheep in the affected region were considered to be susceptible, with 263…

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Genomic analysis of highly virulent Georgia 2007/1 isolate of African swine fever virus

African swine fever is widespread in Africa but has occasionally been introduced into other continents. In June 2007, African swine fever was isolated in the Caucasus Region of the Republic of Georgia and subsequently in neighboring countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and 9…

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Relationship between clinical signs and transmission of an infectious disease and the implications for control

Control of many infectious diseases relies on the detection of clinical cases and the isolation, removal, or treatment of cases and their contacts. The success of such "reactive" strategies is influenced by the fraction of transmission occurring before signs appear. We…

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Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus early pathogenesis and immune responses

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Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and downstream effectors in selected cecal cell subpopulations of chicks resistant or susceptible to Salmonella carrier state

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognizes lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria, plays a major role in resistance of mice and humans to Salmonella infection. In chickens, Salmonella may establish a carrier state whereby bacteria are able to persist in the host…

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Therapeutic targeting of the innate immune system in domestic animals

Since first being described in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the knowledge regarding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has transformed our understanding of immunology. TLRs are a family of conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognise specific microbial…

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Transmission and dose-response experiments for social animals: a reappraisal of the colonization biology of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens

Doseresponse experiments characterize the relationship between infectious agents and their hosts. These experiments are routinely used to estimate the minimum effective infectious dose for an infectious agent, which is most commonly characterized by the dose at which 50 per…

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Coronavirus nsp6 proteins generate autophagosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum via an omegasome intermediate

Autophagy is a cellular response to starvation which generates autophagosomes to carry cellular organelles and long-lived proteins to lysosomes for degradation. Degradation through autophagy can provide an innate defense against virus infection, or conversely autophagosomes…

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IL-6 production following vaccination in pigs-an additional immune response parameter for assessing FMD vaccine efficacy?

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing involving live virus challenge can be problematical in pigs. Alternative methods of assessing vaccine efficacy are therefore desirable. Here we investigate the link between IL-6 in blood at time of challenge and protection…

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A competitive ELISA for the detection of group-specific antibody to equine encephalosis virus

A polyclonal antibody-based, group-specific, competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to equine encephalosis virus (EEV) was developed. The assay measures the competition between a specific guinea pig antiserum and a test serum, for a pre-titrated EEV…