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Differentiation of Indian isolates of bluetongue virus serotype 1 from Australian and African isolates based on analysis of vp5 gene

Bluetongue virus (BTV), prototype species of genus Orbivirus, belongs to the family Reoviridae. It is a non-enveloped, double shelled virus with ten segmented dsRNA genome. RNA segment 6 encodes an outer capsid serotype specific virus protein VP5. A pair of primers (forward…

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Optineurin negatively regulates the induction of IFNbeta in response to RNA virus infection

The innate immune response provides a critical defense against microbial infections, including viruses. These are recognised by pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I like helicases (RLHs). Detection of virus triggers signalling cascades…

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Simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment

Although few simian rotaviruses (RVs) have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. To explore the origins of simian RVs, the complete genome sequences of strains PTRV (G8P[1]), RRV (G3P[3]), and TUCH (G3P[24]) were…

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The impact of sheep breed on the risk of classical scrapie

The risk of classical scrapie in sheep is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein (PrP) gene. In recent years, large-scale selective breeding programmes for sheep at lower risk of disease have been undertaken across the European Union. We analysed large-scale…

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Hsp70 enhances presentation of FMDV antigen to bovine CD4(+) T cells in vitro

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious acute vesicular disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs. The current vaccine induces a rapid humoral response, but the duration of the protective antibody…

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Influenza outbreak, a year after the pandemic, what have we learned?

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TRIM proteins: another class of viral victims

TRIM (tripartite motif) proteins are a family of RING (really interesting new gene) domain-containing proteins comprising more than 70 human members, with new members still being described. In addition to their involvement in cell proliferation, differentiation, development…

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Foot-and-mouth disease viral loads in pigs in the early, acute stage of disease

The progress and pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was studied in infected pigs by observing the development of clinical signs in two separate experiments. Viral loads were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver, spleen, cervical lymph…

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Repertoire of HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell responses to capsular Caf1 antigen of Yersinia pestis in human leukocyte antigen transgenic mice

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a rapidly fatal infectious disease that has not been eradicated worldwide. The capsular Caf1 protein of Y. pestis is a protective antigen under development as a recombinant vaccine. However, little is known about the…

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Regional and global changes in TCR?? T cell repertoires in the gut are dependent upon the complexity of the enteric microflora

The repertoire of gut associated T cells is shaped by exposure to microbes, including the natural enteric microflora. Previous studies compared the repertoire of gut associated T cell populations in germ free (GF) and conventional mammals often focussing on intra-epithelial…