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International partnership to develop FMD detection kits

The Pirbright Institute has signed an international partnership agreement with IZSLER, the leading Italian animal disease research body, to jointly produce cutting edge diagnostic kits for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The new kits have been evaluated for excellent…

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Early apoptosis of porcine alveolar macrophages limits avian influenza virus replication and pro-inflammatory dysregulation

Pigs are evidently more resistant to avian than swine influenza A viruses, mediated in part through frontline epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AM). Although porcine AM (PAM) are crucial in influenza virus control, their mode of control is unclear. To gain insight…

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A vision of KIR variation at super resolution

The 9th killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) workshop was held in Winchester, United Kingdom late in the summer of 2015. The extraordinary diversity of KIR and its functional consequences were key themes throughout the meeting. Novel sequencing technologies and new…

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An ontology for major histocompatibility restriction

MHC molecules are a highly diverse family of proteins that play a key role in cellular immune recognition. Over time, different techniques and terminologies have been developed to identify the specific type(s) of MHC molecule involved in a specific immune recognition context…

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Expression of a second open reading frame present in the genome of tick-borne encephalitis virus strain Neudoerfl is not detectable in infected cells

A short upstream open reading frame (uORF) was recently identified in the 5? untranslated region of some tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains. However, it is not known if the peptide encoded by TBEV uORF (TuORF) is expressed in infected cells. Here we show that TuORF…

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Transmission routes of African swine fever virus to domestic pigs: current knowledge and future research directions

African swine fever (ASF) is a major threat to the pig industry in Europe. Since 2007, ASF outbreaks have been ongoing in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and the Baltic countries, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. In addition, the number of…

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Emergence of PPR and its threat to Europe

PPR is an important infectious viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants, that threatens the food security and sustainable livelihood of farmers across Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Europe is free of the disease except in Thrace (European part of Turkey) and…

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Identification of the genome segments of bluetongue virus serotype 26 (isolate KUW2010/02) that restrict replication in a Culicoides sonorensis cell line (KC cells)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) can infect most ruminant species and is usually transmitted by adult, vector-competent biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Infection with BTV can cause severe clinical signs and can be fatal, particularly in naïve sheep and some deer species. Although 24…

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Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on

It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of clade 2.2.1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest endemic status of influenza viruses in poultry outside Asia. The endemic A/H5N1 in Egypt…

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1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 modulates avian T lymphocyte functions without inducing CTL unresponsiveness

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D) is a naturally synthesized fat soluble vitamin shown to have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and cancer prevention properties in human and murine models. Here, we studied the effects of Vitamin D on the functional abilities of avian T…