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Enhanced laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction

The performance of an automated real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared to virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease (FMD…

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Fundamental properties of the mammalian innate immune system revealed by multispecies comparison of type I interferon responses

The type I interferon (IFN) response is triggered upon sensing of an incoming pathogen in an infected cell and results in the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs, collectively referred to as "the interferome"). Studies on the interferome have been carried…

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Identification and characterization of a novel non-structural protein of bluetongue virus

Bluetongue is a major infectious disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an "arbovirus" transmitted from infected to susceptible hosts by biting midges. Historically, bluetongue has been endemic almost exclusively in temperate and tropical areas of the world…

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Implementation of a one-step real-time RT-PCR protocol for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease

An automated one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) protocol was optimised and evaluated for the routine diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Parallel testing of RNA samples (n = 257) indicated that this assay has a diagnostic…

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ISG expression screening reveals the specific antibunyaviral activity of ISG20

Bunyaviruses pose a significant threat to human health, prosperity and food security. In response to viral infections, interferons (IFNs) upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) whose cumulative action can potently inhibit the replication…

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Multiple genome segments determine virulence of bluetongue virus serotype 8

Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue, a major hemorrhagic disease of ruminants. In order to investigate the molecular determinants of BTV virulence, we used a BTV-8 strain minimally passaged in tissue culture (termed BTV8 L in this study) and a derivative strain passaged…

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Prospects for rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in the field using reverse transcriptase-PCR. (short communication)

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RNA interference targets arbovirus replication in Culicoides cells

Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and midges. These viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are thus exposed to different antiviral responses in these organisms. RNA interference (RNAi) is a…

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Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was discovered in Germany (near the town of Schmallenberg) in November 2011 and since then has been found to be the cause of malformations and stillbirths in ruminants. SBV has spread very rapidly to many European countries including the Netherlands…

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Sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region of swine vesicular disease virus reveals block deletions between the end of the internal ribosomal entry site and the initiation codon

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a picornavirus closely related to the human pathogen coxsackievirus B5. In common with other picornaviruses, the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of SVDV contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that plays an important role in…