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The Pirbright Institute publication directory contains details of selected publications written by our researchers.

There were a total of 2603 results for your search.
Formisano P, Aldridge B, Alony Y, Beekhuis L, Davies E, Del Pozo J, Dunn K, English K, Morrison L, Sargison N, Seguino A, Summers B A, Wilson D, Milne E, Beard P M (2013)

Identification of Sarcocystis capracanis in cerebrospinal fluid from sheep with neurological disease

Veterinary Parasitology 193 (1-3), 252-255
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.016

Abstract

Protozoal merozoites were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid of two sheep with neurological disease in the UK. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the merozoites as Sarcocystis capracanis, a common protozoal pathogen of goats. This is the first report of this species infecting sheep and may represent an aberrant infection with sheep acting as dead end hosts, or alternatively could indicate that sheep are able to act as intermediate hosts for S. capracanis, widening the previously reported host range of this pathogen. It is possible that S. capracanis is a previously unrecognised cause of ovine protozoal meningoencephalitis (OPM) in the UK.

Reid E (2013)

The characterisation of bovine plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their interaction with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) - (PhD Thesis: University of Surrey)

, 305 pp
Publisher’s version:
Yao Y, Charlesworth J, Nair V, Watson M (2013)

MicroRNA expression profiles in avian haemopoietic cells

Frontiers in Genetics 4, 153-153
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2013.00153

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, abundant, non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression by interfering with translation or stability of mRNA transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. A total of 734 precursor and 996 mature miRNAs have so far been identified in the chicken genome. A number of these miRNAs are expressed in a cell type-specific manner, and understanding their function requires detailed examination of their expression in different cell types. We carried out deep sequencing of small RNA populations isolated from stimulated or transformed avian haemopoietic cell lines to determine the changes in the expression profiles of these important regulatory molecules during these biological events. There were significant changes in the expression of a number of miRNAs, including miR-155, in chicken B cells stimulated with CD40 ligand. Similarly, avian leukosis virus (ALV)-transformed DT40 cells also showed changes in miRNA expression in relation to the naive cells. Embryonic stem cell line BP25 demonstrated a distinct cluster of upregulated miRNAs, many of which were shown previously to be involved in embryonic stem cell development. Finally, chicken macrophage cell line HD11 showed changes in miRNA profiles, some of which are thought to be related to the transformation by v-myc transduced by the virus. This work represents the first publication of a catalog of microRNA expression in a range of important avian cells and provides insights into the potential roles of miRNAs in the hematopoietic lineages of cells in a model non-mammalian species.
Zohari S, Munir M (2013)

Avian paramyxoviruses serotype 1 to 10

Mononegaviruses of veterinary importance. Volume I: Pathobiology and molecular diagnosis (edited by M Munir, CABI), 15-37
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780641799.0015

Abstract

This chapter discusses the up-to-date literature on historical distribution, virus and disease, classification, viral replication, pathogenesis, clinical signs, gross lesions, disease transmission, other avian paramyxovirus serotypes and laboratory diagnosis of Avian paramyxoviruses in livestock, horses and pets.
Paton D J, King D P (2013)

Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease

Developments in Biologicals 135, 117-123
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000325267

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) exists as multiple serotypes and strains that infect a range of cloven-hoofed animals with variable severity. Clinical diagnosis reinforced by diagnostic tests support timely intervention, whilst virus characterisation helps trace routes of spread and select appropriate vaccine strains. To speed up and simplify diagnosis, penside tests have recently been developed. Serology is used to identify undisclosed infection and substantiate freedom from infection and specific tests are needed to detect infected animals in vaccinated populations. Serology is also used to estimate post-vaccinal population immunity. Contingency plans are required to enable countries to scale up diagnosis at short notice. Improvements are needed in preclinical and penside diagnosis and in our ability to model vaccine effectiveness.
Perez de Diego A C, Sanchez-Cordon P J, Pedrera M, Martinez-Lopez B, Gomez-Villamandos J C, Sanchez-Vizcaino J M (2013)

The use of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for fever detection in sheep infected with bluetongue virus

Veterinary Journal 198 (1), 182-186
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.013

Abstract

Fever, which is closely linked to viraemia, is considered to be both the main and the earliest clinical sign in sheep infected with bluetongue virus (BTV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of infrared thermography (IRT) for early detection of fever in sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) and serotype 8 (BTV-8). This would reduce animal stress during experimental assays and assist in the development of a screening method for the identification of fever in animals suspected of being infected with BTV. Rectal and infrared eye temperatures were collected before and after BTV inoculation. The two temperature measures were positively correlated (r = 0.504, P
Peroval M Y, Boyd A C, Young J R, Smith A L (2013)

A critical role for MAPK signalling pathways in the transcriptional regulation of toll like receptors

PLoS ONE 8 (2), e51243
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051243

Abstract

Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse animal species. The stimulation of TLR by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and nitric oxide. Although TLR-induced events are critical for immune induction, uncontrolled inflammation can be life threatening and regulation is a critical feature of TLR biology. We used an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) to determine the relationship between TLR agonist-induced activation of inflammatory responses and the transcriptional regulation of TLR. Exposure of macrophages to specific TLR agonists induced upregulation of cytokine and nitric oxide pathways that were inhibited by blocking various components of the TLR signalling pathways. TLR activation also led to changes in the levels of mRNA encoding the TLR responsible for recognising the inducing agonist (cognate regulation) and cross-regulation of other TLR (non-cognate regulation). Interestingly, in most cases, regulation of TLR mRNA was independent of NF?B activity but dependent on one or more of the MAPK pathway components. Moreover, the relative importance of ERK, JNK and p38 was dependent upon both the stimulating agonist and the target TLR. These results provide a framework for understanding the complex pathways involved in transcriptional regulation of TLR, immune induction and inflammation. Manipulation of these pathways during vaccination or management of acute inflammatory disease may lead to improved clinical outcome or enhanced vaccine efficacy.
Pope R A, Parida S, Bailey D, Brownlie J, Barrett T, Banyard A C (2013)

Early events following experimental infection with peste-des-petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting

PLoS ONE 8 (2), e55830
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055830

Abstract

Peste-des-petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a viral pathogen that causes a devastating plague of small ruminants. PPRV is an economically significant disease that continues to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world. The current understanding of PPRV pathogenesis has been heavily assumed from the closely related rinderpest virus (RPV) and other morbillivirus infections alongside data derived from field outbreaks. There have been few studies reported that have focused on the pathogenesis of PPRV and very little is known about the processes underlying the early stages of infection. In the present study, 15 goats were challenged by the intranasal route with a virulent PPRV isolate, Côte d’Ivoire ’89 (CI/89) and sacrificed at strategically defined time-points post infection to enable pre- and post-mortem sampling. This approach enabled precise monitoring of the progress and distribution of virus throughout the infection from the time of challenge, through peak viraemia and into a period of convalescence. Observations were then related to findings of previous field studies and experimental models of PPRV to develop a clinical scoring system for PPRV. Importantly, histopathological investigations demonstrated that the initial site for virus replication is not within the epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa, as has been previously reported, but is within the tonsillar tissue and lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation. We propose that virus is taken up by immune cells within the respiratory mucosa which then transport virus to lymphoid tissues where primary virus replication occurs, and from where virus enters circulation. Based on these findings we propose a novel clinical scoring methodology for PPRV pathogenesis and suggest a fundamental shift away from the conventional model of PPRV pathogenesis.

Porta C, Kotecha A, Burman A, Jackson T, Ren J, Loureiro S, Jones I M, Fry E E, Stuart D, Charleston B (2013)

Rational engineering of recombinant picornavirus capsids to produce safe, protective vaccine antigen

PLoS Pathogens 9 (3), e31003255
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003255

Abstract

Picornaviruses are small RNA viruses, responsible for important human and animal diseases for example polio, some forms of the common cold and foot-and-mouth disease. Safe and effective picornavirus vaccines could in principle be produced from recombinant virus-like particles, which lack the viral genome and so cannot propagate. However the synthesis of stable forms of such particles at scale has proved very difficult. Two key problems have been that a protease required for the proper processing of the polyprotein precursor is toxic for host cells and the empty recombinant particles tend to be physically unstable in comparison to virus particles containing nucleic acid. This is particularly true in the case of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). Here we report the production and evaluation of a novel vaccine against FMDV that addresses both of these shortcomings. Importantly, the strategies we have devised to produce improved FMDV vaccines can be directly applied to viruses pathogenic for humans
Porta C, Xu X, Loureiro S, Paramasivam S, Ren J, Al-Khalil T, Burman A, Jackson T, Belsham G J, Curry S, Lomonossoff G P, Parida S, Paton D, Li Y, Wilsden G, Ferris N, Owens R, Kotecha A, Fry E, Stuart D I, Charleston B, Jones I M (2013)

Efficient production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids in insect cells following down regulation of 3C protease activity

Journal of Virological Methods 187 (2), 406-412
Publisher’s version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.011

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a significant economically and distributed globally pathogen of Artiodactyla. Current vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus particles that require large-scale virus growth in strict bio-containment with the associated risks of accidental release or incomplete inactivation. Non-infectious empty capsids are structural mimics of authentic particles with no associated risk and constitute an alternate vaccine candidate. Capsids self-assemble from the processed virus structural proteins, VP0, VP3 and VP1, which are released from the structural protein precursor P1-2A by the action of the virus-encoded 3C protease. To date recombinant empty capsid assembly has been limited by poor expression levels, restricting the development of empty capsids as a viable vaccine. Here expression of the FMDV structural protein precursor P1-2A in insect cells is shown to be efficient but linkage of the cognate 3C protease to the C-terminus reduces expression significantly. Inactivation of the 3C enzyme in a P1-2A-3C cassette allows expression and intermediate levels of 3C activity resulted in efficient processing of the P1-2A precursor into the structural proteins which assembled into empty capsids. Expression was independent of the insect host cell background and leads to capsids that are recognised as authentic by a range of anti-FMDV bovine sera suggesting their feasibility as an alternate vaccine.

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