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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of domestic cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, and more than 100 wildlife species. This chapter provides a review on FMD vaccines, vaccination…

In this chapter, the authors review how the adaptive immune response protects against the attack of pathogens, describing the major types of lymphocytes, B and T cells, and the different forms of immune protection they provide. They discuss how best to deliver vaccines using…

Bluetongue virus (BTV) continues to surprise the scientific community and requires constant adaptation of previous assumed knowledge. This chapter deals with various aspects of the biology and potential control of BTV infection with particular reference to evolving trends in…

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine efficacy is mainly determined by the content of intact virions (146S) and empty capsids (75S). Both particles may dissociate into 12S subunits upon vaccine manufacturing, formulation, and storage, reducing vaccine potency. We report the…

Following the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in France in early December 2020, we used duck mortality data from the index farm to investigate within-flock transmission dynamics. A stochastic epidemic model was fitted to the daily mortality data and…

Since the initial use of vaccination in the eighteenth century, our understanding of human and animal immunology has greatly advanced and a wide range of vaccine technologies and delivery systems have been developed. The COVID-19 pandemic response leveraged these innovations…

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate an outbreak of a non-malaria, undifferentiated febrile illness, among internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in humanitarian camps in North Darfur, Sudan, in 2019. METHODS: An investigation team was deployed to North Darfur to…