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Reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification has high accuracy for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and naso/oropharyngeal swabs from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals

Previous studies have described reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) methodology for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swab and saliva samples. This study describes the validation of an improved…

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Targeted deletion of glycoprotein B gene by CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease inhibits Gallid herpesvirus type 3 in dually-infected Marek's disease virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line MSB-1

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a member of the genus Mardivirus in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. There are 3 different serotypes of MDV designated as MDV-1 ( Gallid herpesvirus type 2), MDV-2 ( Gallid herpesvirus type 3), and MDV-3 ( Meleagrid herpesvirus 1, herpesvirus…

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CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein mediates antiviral immune response by activating T cells

The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP), as a host restriction factor, inhibits the replication of certain viruses by binding viral mRNA or proteins for degradation. However, little is known about the role of ZAP in the antiviral immune response. We now show that ZAP…

Engaging with rural communities in Tanzania to develop locally-specific foot-and-mouth disease control strategies

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most significant viral livestock diseases across the world. Reduced fertility, milk production and growth rates are just some of the detrimental effects that infected animals experience, which have devastating effects on…

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First report of epidemic dengue fever and malaria co-infections among internally displaced persons in humanitarian camps of North Darfur, Sudan

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate an outbreak of a non-malaria, undifferentiated febrile illness, among internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in humanitarian camps in North Darfur, Sudan, in 2019. METHODS: An investigation team was deployed to North Darfur to…

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Thapsigargin at non-cytotoxic levels induces a potent host antiviral response that blocks influenza A virus replication

Influenza A virus is a major global pathogen of humans, and there is an unmet need for effective antivirals. Current antivirals against influenza A virus directly target the virus and are vulnerable to mutational resistance. Harnessing an effective host antiviral response is…

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A naturally occurring deletion in the effector domain of H5N1 swine influenza virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates viral fitness and host innate immunity

Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus regulates innate immune responses via various mechanisms. We previously showed that a naturally occurring deletion (the EALQR motif) in the NS1 effector domain of an H5N1 swine-origin avian influenza virus impairs the…

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Comparative pathogenicity and transmissibility of pandemic H1N1, avian H5N1, and human H7N9 influenza viruses in tree shrews

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continuously challenge the poultry industry and human health. Studies of IAVs are still hampered by the availability of suitable animal models. Chinese tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates physiologically and…

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Clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 avian influenza viruses circulate at the interface of migratory and domestic birds around Qinghai Lake in China

During 2012-2015, six H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from domestic birds and the environment around Qinghai Lake. Phylogenetic analysis of HA genes revealed that A/chicken/Gansu/XG2/2012 (CK/GS/XG2/12) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1a, while A/environment/Qinghai/1…

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Molecular evolution and emergence of H5N6 avian influenza virus in central China

H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has posed a potential threat to public health since its emergence in China in 2013. To understand the evolution and emergence of H5N6 AIV in the avian population, we performed molecular surveillance of live poultry markets (LPMs) in Wugang…