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The role of the light chain in the structure and binding activity of two cattle antibodies that neutralize bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Cattle antibodies have unusually long CDR3 loops in their heavy chains (HCs), and limited light chain (LC) diversity, raising the question of whether these mask the effect of LC variation on antigen recognition. We have investigated the role of the LC in the structure and…

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Bacterial flagellin promotes viral entry via an NF-kB and Toll Like Receptor 5 dependent pathway

Viruses and bacteria colonize hosts by invading epithelial barriers. Recent studies have shown that interactions between the microbiota, pathogens and the host can potentiate infection through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether diverse bacterial…

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Replication of Marek's disease virus is dependent on synthesis of de novo fatty acid and prostaglandin E2

Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes deadly lymphoma and induces an imbalance of the lipid metabolism in infected chickens. Here, we discovered that MDV activates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). In addition, MDV infected cells…

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Head start immunity: characterizing the early protection of C strain vaccine against subsequent classical swine fever virus infection

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is an ongoing threat to the pig industry due to its high transmission and mortality rates associated with infection. Live attenuated vaccines such as the CSFV C strain vaccine are capable of protecting against infection within 5 days of…

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Identification and immunogenicity of African swine fever virus antigens

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine. Strains of the virus with reduced virulence can provide protection against related virulent strains of ASFV, but protection is not 100% and there are concerns about the…

£100M+ investment to protect UK food security and rural economy

Major sectors of the UK economy and food chain have received a significant boost following the announcement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer of £80M of capital investment for the further development of research facilities at The Pirbright Institute at Pirbright, which…

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The role of ZAP and OAS3/RNAseL pathways in the attenuation of an RNA virus with elevated frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides

Zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a powerful restriction factor for viruses with elevated CpG dinucleotide frequencies. We report that ZAP similarly mediates antiviral restriction against echovirus 7 (E7) mutants with elevated frequencies of UpA dinucleotides…

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Persistent infection of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) with foot-and-mouth disease virus: limited viral evolution and no evidence of antibody neutralization escape

African buffaloes ( Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centres of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT-1…

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SiNPle: fast and sensitive variant calling for deep sequencing data

Current high-throughput sequencing technologies can generate sequence data and provide information on the genetic composition of samples at very high coverage. Deep sequencing approaches enable the detection of rare variants in heterogeneous samples, such as viral quasi…

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Contrasting selective patterns across the segmented genome of bluetongue virus in a global reassortment hotspot

For segmented viruses, rapid genomic and phenotypic changes can occur through the process of reassortment, whereby co-infecting strains exchange entire segments creating novel progeny virus genotypes. However, for many viruses with segmented genomes, this process and its…