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In contrast to the results of previous in vitro studies, experimental infection of calves with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) was found to induce strong alpha/beta and gamma interferon responses in gnotobiotic animals. These responses were associated…

Cell-mediated immunity and CD4(+) cells in particular are important for the resolution of acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). CD4(+) T cells were shown to recognise virus-infected and non-infectious-protein-pulsed APCs, whereas CD8(+) T…

The replicase protein nsP2 of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) has a 648RRR nuclear localization signal and is transported to the nucleus. SFV-RDR has a single amino acid change which disrupts this sequence and nsP2 nuclear transport. In BHK cells, SFV4 and SFV-RDR replicate to…

Herpesvirus infection in tortoises is largely characterized by the development of respiratory clinical signs. Usually lesions develop in the respiratory, oral pharyngeal, intestinal tract and are accompanied by cutaneous and ocular lesions. In chelonids affected by…

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) envelope glycoprotein Erns interacts with highly sulphated heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) located on the cell surface as an early step in virus infection of cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant Erns was undertaken and…

Resting dendritic cells (DCs) are resident in most tissues and can be activated by environmental stimuli to mature into potent antigen-presenting cells. One important stimulus for DC activation is infection; DCs can be triggered through receptors that recognize microbial…

Inoculation of sheep with Ehrlichia (previously Cowdria) ruminantium which has been cultivated in mammalian endothelial cell cultures is almost always followed by a severe clinical reaction, whereas inoculation of the agent cultivated in tick cell lines usually does not…

A comparison of the longitudinal cytokine responses of cattle to infection with intracellular Mycobacterium bovis and extracellular Onchocerca ochengi illustrates the development of reciprocal interferon-? and interleukin-4 responses, which result ultimately in an infection…

To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of African swine fever (ASF), the cytokine expression by macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes were examined. Twenty-one piglets were inoculated with the highly virulent isolate Spain-70 of ASF virus and killed in groups at 1-7…